Approximately 70% of a plant's biomass is made up of water.

Accessory pigments capture additional light wavelengths, broadening the spectrum of light used for photosynthesis.

Biopesticides are derived from natural materials and help reduce reliance on synthetic chemicals, promoting sustainable agricultural practices.

C4 and CAM pathways are adaptations that help plants reduce water loss during photosynthesis.

C4 and CAM plants enhance carbon fixation efficiency to minimize water loss in arid conditions.

Environmental changes can lead to adaptive radiation, where species evolve rapidly to fill new ecological niches.

Fruits protect developing seeds and often aid in their dispersal by attracting animals that eat the fruit and excrete the seeds elsewhere.

Mutations provide the raw material for genetic variation, which is essential for the process of evolution.

Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots, enhancing nutrient absorption, particularly phosphorus.

Plant classifications help identify endangered species, which is crucial for conservation efforts.

Pollinators play a crucial role in the evolution of flowering plants by increasing genetic diversity through cross-pollination.

Terpenes contribute to the aroma of plants and have various therapeutic effects.

Terpenes attract pollinators and can deter herbivores, aiding in plant reproduction.

NADPH acts as an electron donor in the Calvin cycle, providing the reducing power for carbon fixation.

RuBisCO is the enzyme that catalyzes the fixation of carbon dioxide in the Calvin cycle.

Water acts as a source of electrons in the light reactions, which are used to replace those lost by chlorophyll.

Water provides electrons through the process of photolysis during the light reactions.

Co-evolution refers to the process where two or more species reciprocally affect each other's evolution.

Convergent evolution occurs when unrelated species develop similar traits as a result of adapting to similar environments.

Convergent evolution occurs when unrelated species develop similar traits due to similar environmental pressures.

Phylogeny refers to the evolutionary history and relationships among species.

The genotype refers to the specific genetic constitution of an organism, while the phenotype is the observable expression of that genotype.

Co-evolution refers to the process where two or more species influence each other's evolutionary trajectory.

Meristematic tissues grow through mitosis, allowing for the production of new cells for growth.

Chlorenchyma cells, which contain chloroplasts, are specialized for photosynthesis.

Collenchyma cells provide flexibility and support to young stems and petioles.

Epidermal cells form the protective outer layer of plant organs, helping to prevent water loss and protect against pathogens.

Lateral meristem, including vascular cambium and cork cambium, is responsible for secondary growth, increasing the girth of stems and roots.

Phloem cells are responsible for the transport of nutrients, particularly sugars, throughout the plant.

Xylem cells are specialized for the transport of water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant.