Botany is the branch of Biology that focuses on the study of plants , their structure, functions, growth, reproduction, and role in the environment. This category is curated for school students (Classes 6–12) and undergraduate learners to build strong fundamentals with exam-focused clarity.
In this section, you’ll explore:
Plant morphology, anatomy, and physiology explained step-by-step
Reproduction in plants , development, and life cycles
Cell biology, genetics, and biotechnology concepts related to plants
Ecology and plant diversity with real-world relevance
Important questions, MCQs, diagrams, and revision notes for exams
The content is aligned with NCERT , school boards, and UG syllabi , making it highly useful for school exams, NEET preparation, and college assessments . Concepts are explained in simple language with a focus on understanding, not rote learning.
Build a strong foundation in plant sciences and master Botany with confidence.
Q. If a plant produces 150 fruits and each fruit contains an average of 5 seeds, how many seeds are produced in total?
A.
300
B.
500
C.
750
D.
1000
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Solution
The total number of seeds produced would be 150 fruits * 5 seeds per fruit = 750 seeds.
Correct Answer:
C
— 750
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Q. If a plant species has a seed dispersal distance of 50 meters, how far would seeds typically spread in 5 generations assuming the distance doubles each generation?
A.
50m
B.
100m
C.
200m
D.
1600m
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Solution
The distance would be 50m * 2^5 = 1600m after 5 generations.
Correct Answer:
D
— 1600m
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Q. In a plant with a 3:1 ratio of dominant to recessive traits, how many offspring would you expect to show the dominant trait out of 100?
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Solution
In a 3:1 ratio, 75 out of 100 offspring would be expected to show the dominant trait.
Correct Answer:
C
— 75
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Q. In a population of plants, if 60% are hermaphroditic and the rest are dioecious, what is the number of dioecious plants in a population of 200?
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Solution
If 60% are hermaphroditic, then 40% are dioecious, which equals 80 dioecious plants in a population of 200.
Correct Answer:
A
— 40
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Q. In angiosperms, what is the role of the endosperm?
A.
To protect the seed
B.
To provide nourishment to the developing embryo
C.
To facilitate pollination
D.
To aid in seed dispersal
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Solution
The endosperm provides nourishment to the developing embryo within the seed.
Correct Answer:
B
— To provide nourishment to the developing embryo
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Q. In C4 plants, where does the initial carbon fixation occur?
A.
In the mesophyll cells
B.
In the bundle sheath cells
C.
In the stroma
D.
In the thylakoid membranes
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Solution
In C4 plants, the initial carbon fixation occurs in the mesophyll cells.
Correct Answer:
A
— In the mesophyll cells
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Q. In C4 plants, where does the initial fixation of CO2 occur?
A.
In the mesophyll cells
B.
In the bundle sheath cells
C.
In the stroma
D.
In the thylakoid membranes
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Solution
In C4 plants, the initial fixation of CO2 occurs in the mesophyll cells before it is transferred to bundle sheath cells.
Correct Answer:
A
— In the mesophyll cells
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Q. In flowering plants, how many pollen grains are typically produced by one anther?
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Solution
One anther usually produces 4 pollen grains per microspore mother cell, leading to 8 pollen grains in total.
Correct Answer:
B
— 8
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Q. In plant taxonomy, what is the highest rank in the classification hierarchy?
A.
Family
B.
Genus
C.
Species
D.
Kingdom
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Solution
The highest rank in the classification hierarchy is the Kingdom, which includes all plant life.
Correct Answer:
D
— Kingdom
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Q. In plants, what is the function of the gene promoter?
A.
To code for proteins
B.
To initiate transcription
C.
To replicate DNA
D.
To repair DNA
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Solution
The gene promoter is a region of DNA that initiates transcription of a particular gene.
Correct Answer:
B
— To initiate transcription
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Q. In plants, what is the role of the flower in reproduction?
A.
Photosynthesis
B.
Water absorption
C.
Pollination and fertilization
D.
Nutrient storage
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Solution
The flower is the reproductive structure in flowering plants, facilitating pollination and fertilization to produce seeds.
Correct Answer:
C
— Pollination and fertilization
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Q. In the absence of light, which process will cease in plants?
A.
Photosynthesis
B.
Respiration
C.
Transpiration
D.
Glycolysis
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Solution
Photosynthesis will cease in the absence of light, as it relies on light energy.
Correct Answer:
A
— Photosynthesis
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Q. In the light reactions of photosynthesis, which molecule is produced as a byproduct?
A.
Glucose
B.
Oxygen
C.
NADPH
D.
ATP
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Solution
Oxygen is produced as a byproduct during the light reactions of photosynthesis.
Correct Answer:
B
— Oxygen
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Q. In which part of the chloroplast do the light reactions occur?
A.
Stroma
B.
Thylakoid membranes
C.
Outer membrane
D.
Inner membrane
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Solution
The light reactions of photosynthesis occur in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast.
Correct Answer:
B
— Thylakoid membranes
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Q. In which part of the chloroplast do the light reactions of photosynthesis occur?
A.
Stroma
B.
Thylakoid membranes
C.
Cytoplasm
D.
Outer membrane
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Solution
The light reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast.
Correct Answer:
B
— Thylakoid membranes
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Q. In which part of the chloroplast do the light-dependent reactions occur?
A.
Stroma
B.
Thylakoid membranes
C.
Outer membrane
D.
Inner membrane
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Solution
The light-dependent reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast.
Correct Answer:
B
— Thylakoid membranes
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Q. In which part of the chloroplast do the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur?
A.
Stroma
B.
Thylakoid membranes
C.
Outer membrane
D.
Inner membrane
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Solution
The light-dependent reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast.
Correct Answer:
B
— Thylakoid membranes
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Q. In which part of the chloroplast does the Calvin cycle occur?
A.
Thylakoid membranes
B.
Outer membrane
C.
Stroma
D.
Inner membrane
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Solution
The Calvin cycle occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast.
Correct Answer:
C
— Stroma
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Q. In which part of the flower does fertilization typically occur?
A.
Ovary
B.
Stigma
C.
Anther
D.
Style
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Solution
Fertilization typically occurs in the ovary, where the ovule is located.
Correct Answer:
A
— Ovary
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Q. In which part of the plant does cellular respiration primarily occur?
A.
Roots
B.
Leaves
C.
Stems
D.
All parts
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Solution
Cellular respiration occurs in all parts of the plant, as all cells require energy to function.
Correct Answer:
D
— All parts
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Q. In which part of the plant does photosynthesis primarily occur?
A.
Roots
B.
Stems
C.
Leaves
D.
Flowers
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Solution
Photosynthesis primarily occurs in the leaves, where chloroplasts are abundant.
Correct Answer:
C
— Leaves
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Q. In which part of the plant does primary growth occur?
A.
Root tips and shoot tips
B.
Leaves
C.
Flowers
D.
Stems
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Solution
Primary growth occurs at the root tips and shoot tips, where apical meristems are located.
Correct Answer:
A
— Root tips and shoot tips
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Q. In which part of the plant does the majority of water absorption occur?
A.
Stems
B.
Leaves
C.
Roots
D.
Flowers
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Solution
Roots are primarily responsible for the absorption of water and nutrients from the soil.
Correct Answer:
C
— Roots
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Q. In which phase of photosynthesis is ATP synthesized?
A.
Light-dependent reactions
B.
Calvin cycle
C.
Both A and B
D.
None of the above
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Solution
ATP is synthesized during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.
Correct Answer:
A
— Light-dependent reactions
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Q. In which phase of photosynthesis is carbon dioxide utilized?
A.
Light reactions
B.
Calvin cycle
C.
Photorespiration
D.
Electron transport chain
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Solution
Carbon dioxide is utilized in the Calvin cycle during photosynthesis.
Correct Answer:
B
— Calvin cycle
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Q. In which phase of photosynthesis is glucose synthesized?
A.
Light reactions
B.
Calvin cycle
C.
Photorespiration
D.
Electron transport chain
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Solution
Glucose is synthesized during the Calvin cycle, which occurs in the stroma of chloroplasts.
Correct Answer:
B
— Calvin cycle
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Q. In which plant group do you find the largest diversity of species?
A.
Bryophytes
B.
Angiosperms
C.
Gymnosperms
D.
Pteridophytes
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Solution
Angiosperms, or flowering plants, represent the largest diversity of species in the plant kingdom.
Correct Answer:
B
— Angiosperms
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Q. In which plant group would you find a vascular system with xylem and phloem?
A.
Mosses
B.
Ferns
C.
Liverworts
D.
Algae
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Solution
Ferns possess a vascular system that includes xylem and phloem, allowing for efficient transport of water and nutrients.
Correct Answer:
B
— Ferns
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Q. In which type of plant reproduction do gametes fuse to form a zygote?
A.
Asexual reproduction
B.
Vegetative propagation
C.
Sexual reproduction
D.
Apomixis
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Solution
Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote, leading to the development of a new organism.
Correct Answer:
C
— Sexual reproduction
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Q. In which type of reproduction do plants produce seeds without fertilization?
A.
Asexual reproduction
B.
Apomixis
C.
Sexual reproduction
D.
Vegetative propagation
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Solution
Apomixis is a form of asexual reproduction where seeds are produced without fertilization, allowing for the offspring to be genetically identical to the parent.
Correct Answer:
B
— Apomixis
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