The Industrial Revolution significantly impacted political thought by leading to the rise of socialism and labor movements, as workers sought rights and better conditions in response to industrialization.

Stoicism teaches acceptance of fate and emphasizes the use of reason to navigate life's challenges.

Women actively participated in the French Revolution, organizing protests and forming political clubs, although their rights were later curtailed.

The Renaissance (14th to 17th century) was significant for its revival of classical learning, art, and humanism, which laid the intellectual foundations for the modern age.

Gene therapy is a biotechnological application primarily used in medicine to treat or prevent diseases by modifying genes.

Sri Lanka does not share a land border with India.

Germany is not a permanent member of the UN Security Council; the permanent members are the US, UK, France, Russia, and China.

Stage 2 of the demographic transition model is characterized by high birth and declining death rates, leading to population growth.

A pandemic is classified as a biological disaster, as it involves the spread of infectious diseases affecting large populations.

The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 prompted the establishment of FEMA to improve disaster response and recovery efforts.

The Constitution of Athens, attributed to Cleisthenes, is often considered the first written constitution in the world, establishing a framework for governance in ancient Athens.

Avoiding contractions helps maintain a formal tone, which is essential for academic writing in the UPSC Mains essays.

The Han Dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE) is credited with establishing the Silk Road, which became a crucial trade route connecting China with the Mediterranean, facilitating cultural and economic exchanges.

The Roman Empire is renowned for its extensive road network and efficient postal system, facilitating trade and communication.

Urbanization leads to increased vehicular emissions and industrial activities, contributing significantly to air pollution.

The Dred Scott decision in 1857 heightened tensions between the North and South over slavery, contributing directly to the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861.

The Partition of India in 1947 had a profound impact on India's relations with its neighboring countries, particularly Pakistan and Bangladesh, leading to long-standing conflicts and issues.

The Black Death (1347-1351) is often linked to climate change, as the cooler temperatures and crop failures may have contributed to the spread of the plague.

Economic Liberalization in the 1990s aimed to integrate the Indian economy with the global market, promoting inclusive growth through increased opportunities.

The Storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789, is widely regarded as the event that marked the beginning of the French Revolution.

The formation of the Indian National Congress in 1885 is considered the beginning of the organized Indian National Movement.

The Sepoy Mutiny of 1857 is often considered the first major revolt against British rule, marking the beginning of the modern Indian freedom struggle.

The launch of Sputnik 1 by the Soviet Union in 1957 is widely regarded as the event that marked the beginning of the Space Age, initiating the exploration of outer space.

The British colonial policies, particularly in agriculture, led to widespread poverty due to exploitative land revenue systems and neglect of rural development.

The weakness of the Delhi Sultanate allowed the Mughals to establish their dominance, as they capitalized on the discontent among the local rulers and the fragmented political landscape.

All of the above factors contributed to the agricultural decline in the Roman Empire, including overreliance on slave labor, technological stagnation, and climate change.

The Industrial Revolution, which began in the late 18th century and continued into the 19th century, was a primary driver of urbanization as it led to the growth of factories and job opportunities in urban areas.

Clarity of thought is essential as it ensures that the ideas are communicated effectively, making the essay coherent and impactful.

Advancements in agriculture, such as the development of irrigation and crop rotation, allowed ancient civilizations to support larger populations.

Flying buttresses are a feature of Gothic architecture, not Mughal architecture, which is known for its symmetry and intricate designs.