Ribosomes are the cellular machinery that translates mRNA into polypeptides, facilitating protein synthesis.

RNA polymerase synthesizes RNA from a DNA template during the process of transcription in gene expression.

The 5' cap protects mRNA from degradation and assists in the initiation of translation by helping ribosomes recognize the mRNA.

The promoter is a DNA sequence that initiates transcription by providing a binding site for RNA polymerase.

tRNA (transfer RNA) carries specific amino acids to the ribosome, where they are added to the growing polypeptide chain during translation.

tRNA (transfer RNA) carries specific amino acids to the ribosome during translation, matching them to the codons on the mRNA.

Gel electrophoresis is used to separate DNA fragments based on their size, allowing for analysis and comparison.

Denaturation involves heating the reaction mixture to separate the double-stranded DNA into single strands.

'Sticky ends' are overhanging sequences that facilitate the ligation of DNA fragments during cloning.

'Sticky ends' are overhanging sequences that allow for the easy joining of DNA fragments during cloning.

'Sticky ends' are overhanging sequences that allow for the easy ligation of DNA fragments during recombinant DNA technology.

'Sticky ends' created by certain restriction enzymes allow for easier ligation of DNA fragments by providing complementary overhangs.

The 5' and 3' ends of a DNA strand indicate the direction of replication and transcription, as nucleic acids are synthesized in the 5' to 3' direction.

The 5' cap and poly-A tail protect mRNA from degradation and facilitate its recognition and translation by ribosomes.

The 5' cap and poly-A tail protect mRNA from degradation and facilitate its translation by ribosomes.

The promoter region is a specific sequence of DNA where RNA polymerase binds to initiate the transcription of a gene.

The promoter region is crucial for the initiation of transcription as it is the site where RNA polymerase binds to start synthesizing RNA.

The start codon (AUG) signals the beginning of translation, indicating where the ribosome should start synthesizing the protein.

Phenotype refers to the observable characteristics or traits of an organism.

The term for an observable characteristic influenced by both genetic and environmental factors is phenotype.

Alleles are different forms of a gene that can exist at a specific locus on a chromosome.

Genotype refers to the genetic makeup of an organism, while phenotype refers to the observable traits.

Covalent bonds connect the sugar and phosphate groups, forming the backbone of the DNA strand.

Covalent bonds connect the sugar and phosphate groups in the DNA backbone, providing structural stability.

Hydrogen bonds between complementary nitrogenous bases hold the two strands of DNA together.

Autosomal recessive traits can skip generations because an individual must inherit two copies of the recessive allele to express the trait.

A point mutation involves a change in a single nucleotide base pair, which can affect protein synthesis.

A point mutation is a change in a single nucleotide in the DNA sequence.

A point mutation is a change in a single nucleotide in the DNA sequence.

A nonsense mutation introduces a premature stop codon, leading to truncated proteins.