Autoclaving is a method of sterilization, not disinfection, as it kills all microorganisms including spores.

Boiling water is not a reliable method of sterilization as it does not kill all spores and certain resistant pathogens.

Ethylene oxide gas is effective for sterilizing heat-sensitive instruments as it can penetrate materials without causing damage.

Chemical disinfection is a method used to reduce microbial load but does not guarantee the elimination of all microorganisms, thus it is not considered sterilization.

Chemical disinfection is used to reduce microbial load but does not guarantee the elimination of all microorganisms, thus it is not a sterilization method.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the causative agent of tuberculosis, a serious infectious disease that primarily affects the lungs.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the causative agent of tuberculosis, a serious infectious disease that primarily affects the lungs.

Bacillus anthracis spores are highly resistant to sterilization methods, making them a significant concern in sterilization processes.

The MMR vaccine contains live attenuated viruses that stimulate an immune response without causing the disease.

Norovirus is a leading cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks, especially in children, due to its high transmissibility and low infectious dose.

Salmonella is a common cause of foodborne illness, often associated with undercooked poultry.

Rotavirus is the leading cause of severe viral gastroenteritis in children, leading to dehydration and hospitalization.

Vibrio cholerae is the bacterium that causes cholera, leading to severe diarrhea and dehydration.

Streptococcus pyogenes is associated with necrotizing fasciitis, commonly referred to as 'flesh-eating disease'.

Type I hypersensitivity reactions are immediate allergic responses mediated by IgE antibodies.

Humoral immunity is characterized by the production of antibodies by B cells in response to antigens.

The secondary immune response is characterized by a rapid and robust production of antibodies upon re-exposure to an antigen.

Passive immunity is conferred by the transfer of maternal antibodies to the fetus, providing temporary protection against infections.

Humoral immunity is primarily mediated by antibodies produced by B cells, which help neutralize pathogens and mark them for destruction.

Vaccination stimulates the immune system to produce an active immune response, leading to the development of active immunity.

Bacteria are the most common pathogens associated with foodborne illnesses, such as Salmonella and E. coli.

Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+ T cells) are responsible for directly killing infected cells by recognizing antigens presented by MHC class I molecules.

Live attenuated vaccines contain weakened forms of the pathogen that can still elicit an immune response without causing disease.

Live attenuated vaccines contain live pathogens that have been weakened so they cannot cause disease but still elicit a strong immune response.

The MMR vaccine protects against measles, mumps, and rubella, and is typically administered in childhood.

Live attenuated vaccines contain weakened forms of the pathogen that can still elicit an immune response.

Live attenuated vaccines are effective in inducing strong cell-mediated immune responses due to their ability to replicate and mimic natural infection.