Cell Structure and Function for Competitive Exam Prep

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Cell Structure and Function

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The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life. This category focuses on understanding the structure, components, and functions of cells in a clear and concept-driven manner. It is suitable for school students (Classes 9–12), NEET aspirants, and undergraduate beginners.

In this section, you will study:

Discovery of the cell and cell theory
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and their differences
Cell organelles such as nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and ribosomes
Differences between plant and animal cells with diagrams
Cell membrane, cell wall, and transport mechanisms
NCERT-based explanations, labelled diagrams, MCQs, and exam-oriented questions

The content is designed to build strong fundamentals, improve diagram-based answers, and help students perform confidently in school examinations, competitive exams like NEET, and undergraduate assessments.

Master the building blocks of life with clarity, logic, and exam confidence.

Q. What is the function of ribosomes in plant cells?

A. Energy production
B. Photosynthesis
C. Protein synthesis
D. Cell division

Solution

Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis, translating mRNA into polypeptide chains.

Correct Answer: C — Protein synthesis

Q. What is the function of the Golgi apparatus in plant cells?

A. Protein modification and packaging
B. Photosynthesis
C. Cell division
D. Storage of water

Solution

The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles.

Correct Answer: A — Protein modification and packaging

Q. What is the main component of the plant cell wall?

A. Cellulose
B. Chitin
C. Lignin
D. Pectin

Solution

Cellulose is the primary structural component of the plant cell wall, providing rigidity and strength.

Correct Answer: A — Cellulose

Q. What is the primary function of chloroplasts in plant cells?

A. Energy production
B. Photosynthesis
C. Cell division
D. Protein synthesis

Solution

Chloroplasts are the organelles responsible for photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy.

Correct Answer: B — Photosynthesis

Q. What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus in plant cells?

A. Energy production
B. Modification and packaging of proteins
C. Photosynthesis
D. Cell division

Solution

The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles.

Correct Answer: B — Modification and packaging of proteins

Q. What is the primary function of the plasma membrane in plant cells?

A. Energy production
B. Regulating transport
C. Photosynthesis
D. Cell division

Solution

The plasma membrane regulates the transport of substances in and out of the cell, maintaining homeostasis.

Correct Answer: B — Regulating transport

Q. What is the role of the endoplasmic reticulum in plant cells?

A. Transport of materials
B. Photosynthesis
C. Cell division
D. Storage of nutrients

Solution

The endoplasmic reticulum is involved in the transport of materials within the cell and the synthesis of proteins and lipids.

Correct Answer: A — Transport of materials

Q. Which organelle is involved in the degradation of waste materials in plant cells?

A. Lysosome
B. Chloroplast
C. Vacuole
D. Mitochondrion

Solution

Lysosomes contain enzymes that break down waste materials and cellular debris in plant cells.

Correct Answer: A — Lysosome

Q. Which organelle is involved in the detoxification of harmful substances in plant cells?

A. Lysosome
B. Peroxisome
C. Vacuole
D. Chloroplast

Solution

Peroxisomes are involved in the detoxification of harmful substances and the breakdown of fatty acids in plant cells.

Correct Answer: B — Peroxisome

Q. Which organelle is known as the powerhouse of the cell?

A. Ribosome
B. Mitochondrion
C. Chloroplast
D. Endoplasmic reticulum

Solution

Mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cell because they generate ATP through cellular respiration.

Correct Answer: B — Mitochondrion

Q. Which structure in plant cells is responsible for packaging and distributing proteins?

A. Golgi apparatus
B. Lysosome
C. Nucleus
D. Vacuole

Solution

The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for secretion or delivery to other organelles.

Correct Answer: A — Golgi apparatus

Q. Which structure in plant cells is responsible for the synthesis of ATP?

A. Chloroplast
B. Mitochondrion
C. Nucleus
D. Golgi apparatus

Solution

Mitochondria are responsible for synthesizing ATP through the process of cellular respiration.

Correct Answer: B — Mitochondrion

Q. Which structure in plant cells is selectively permeable and regulates the movement of substances?

A. Cell wall
B. Plasma membrane
C. Nucleus
D. Vacuole

Solution

The plasma membrane is selectively permeable, controlling the entry and exit of substances in and out of the cell.

Correct Answer: B — Plasma membrane

Q. Which structure is responsible for maintaining turgor pressure in plant cells?

A. Cell wall
B. Chloroplast
C. Vacuole
D. Nucleus

Solution

The vacuole stores water and helps maintain turgor pressure, which is essential for plant structure and support.

Correct Answer: C — Vacuole

Q. Which structure is responsible for the synthesis of ATP in plant cells?

A. Chloroplast
B. Mitochondrion
C. Nucleus
D. Golgi apparatus

Solution

Mitochondria synthesize ATP through the process of cellular respiration, providing energy for cellular activities.

Correct Answer: B — Mitochondrion

Q. Which type of cell is responsible for the transport of water in plants?

A. Phloem
B. Xylem
C. Parenchyma
D. Collenchyma

Solution

Xylem cells are specialized for the transport of water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant.

Correct Answer: B — Xylem

Q. Which type of cell is responsible for transporting water in plants?

A. Phloem
B. Xylem
C. Parenchyma
D. Collenchyma

Solution

Xylem cells are responsible for the transport of water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant.

Correct Answer: B — Xylem

Q. Which type of plant cell is primarily involved in photosynthesis?

A. Parenchyma
B. Collenchyma
C. Sclerenchyma
D. Xylem

Solution

Parenchyma cells, especially those in the leaves, contain chloroplasts and are primarily involved in photosynthesis.

Correct Answer: A — Parenchyma

Q. Which type of plant cell is primarily involved in the transport of water and minerals?

A. Phloem
B. Xylem
C. Parenchyma
D. Collenchyma

Solution

Xylem cells are specialized for the transport of water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant.

Correct Answer: B — Xylem

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