Photosynthesis in Higher Plants explains the process by which green plants convert light energy into chemical energy, forming the basis of life on Earth. This category focuses on the mechanism, pathways, and factors affecting photosynthesis , making it suitable for school students (Classes 11–12) , NEET aspirants , and undergraduate learners .
In this section, you will study:
Site of photosynthesis and structure of chloroplast
Pigments involved in photosynthesis
Light reactions and photophosphorylation
Dark reactions and the Calvin cycle
C3, C4, and CAM pathways
Factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis
Photorespiration
NCERT-based explanations, diagrams, flowcharts, MCQs, and exam-oriented questions
The content is designed to build clear conceptual understanding , strengthen process-based and diagram-oriented answers , and help students perform confidently in school examinations, NEET, and undergraduate assessments .
Understand photosynthesis as the fundamental process that sustains life by linking energy flow and biological productivity.
Q. What are the two main stages of photosynthesis?
A.
Light reactions and Calvin cycle
B.
Respiration and Fermentation
C.
Transpiration and Absorption
D.
Glycolysis and Krebs cycle
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Solution
Photosynthesis consists of light reactions and the Calvin cycle.
Correct Answer:
A
— Light reactions and Calvin cycle
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Q. What gas is produced as a byproduct of photosynthesis?
A.
Oxygen
B.
Carbon dioxide
C.
Nitrogen
D.
Hydrogen
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Solution
Oxygen is produced as a byproduct of photosynthesis during the light reactions.
Correct Answer:
A
— Oxygen
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Q. What is the effect of increased carbon dioxide concentration on photosynthesis?
A.
Decreases rate
B.
Increases rate
C.
No effect
D.
Stops photosynthesis
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Solution
Increased carbon dioxide concentration generally increases the rate of photosynthesis, up to a certain point.
Correct Answer:
B
— Increases rate
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Q. What is the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis?
A.
Increases then decreases
B.
Decreases
C.
Increases
D.
No effect
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Solution
The rate of photosynthesis generally increases with light intensity up to a certain point.
Correct Answer:
C
— Increases
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Q. What is the main byproduct of photosynthesis?
A.
Oxygen
B.
Carbon dioxide
C.
Glucose
D.
Water
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Solution
Oxygen is released as a byproduct of photosynthesis during the light reactions.
Correct Answer:
A
— Oxygen
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Q. What is the main purpose of photosynthesis?
A.
To produce oxygen
B.
To convert solar energy into chemical energy
C.
To absorb nutrients
D.
To release carbon dioxide
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Solution
The main purpose of photosynthesis is to convert solar energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose.
Correct Answer:
B
— To convert solar energy into chemical energy
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Q. What is the main purpose of the Calvin cycle?
A.
To absorb light
B.
To produce ATP
C.
To fix carbon dioxide
D.
To release oxygen
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Solution
The Calvin cycle's main purpose is to fix carbon dioxide into organic molecules.
Correct Answer:
C
— To fix carbon dioxide
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Q. What is the primary pigment involved in photosynthesis in higher plants?
A.
Chlorophyll a
B.
Carotenoids
C.
Xanthophylls
D.
Chlorophyll b
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Solution
Chlorophyll a is the main pigment that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.
Correct Answer:
A
— Chlorophyll a
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Q. What is the primary purpose of the Calvin cycle?
A.
To capture light energy
B.
To produce ATP
C.
To fix carbon dioxide
D.
To release oxygen
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Solution
The Calvin cycle's primary purpose is to fix carbon dioxide into organic molecules.
Correct Answer:
C
— To fix carbon dioxide
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Q. What is the role of water in photosynthesis?
A.
Source of carbon
B.
Electron donor
C.
Energy source
D.
Nutrient supplier
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Solution
Water acts as an electron donor in the light reactions of photosynthesis.
Correct Answer:
B
— Electron donor
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Q. What is the significance of the light-dependent reactions?
A.
Produce glucose
B.
Generate ATP and NADPH
C.
Fix carbon dioxide
D.
Release oxygen
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Solution
The light-dependent reactions generate ATP and NADPH, which are used in the Calvin cycle.
Correct Answer:
B
— Generate ATP and NADPH
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Q. Where in the chloroplast does the Calvin cycle take place?
A.
Thylakoid membrane
B.
Stroma
C.
Outer membrane
D.
Inner membrane
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Solution
The Calvin cycle occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast.
Correct Answer:
B
— Stroma
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Q. Which gas is consumed during the process of photosynthesis?
A.
Oxygen
B.
Nitrogen
C.
Carbon dioxide
D.
Hydrogen
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Solution
Carbon dioxide is taken in by plants during photosynthesis to produce glucose.
Correct Answer:
C
— Carbon dioxide
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Q. Which gas is taken in by plants during photosynthesis?
A.
Oxygen
B.
Nitrogen
C.
Carbon dioxide
D.
Hydrogen
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Solution
Plants take in carbon dioxide from the atmosphere during photosynthesis.
Correct Answer:
C
— Carbon dioxide
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Q. Which of the following factors does NOT affect the rate of photosynthesis?
A.
Light intensity
B.
Temperature
C.
Soil pH
D.
Carbon dioxide concentration
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Solution
Soil pH does not directly affect the rate of photosynthesis, unlike the other factors.
Correct Answer:
C
— Soil pH
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Q. Which of the following is a product of the Calvin cycle?
A.
ATP
B.
NADPH
C.
Glucose
D.
Oxygen
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Solution
The Calvin cycle produces glucose as a product of carbon fixation.
Correct Answer:
C
— Glucose
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Q. Which of the following is NOT a stage of photosynthesis?
A.
Light-dependent reactions
B.
Calvin cycle
C.
Krebs cycle
D.
Light-independent reactions
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Solution
The Krebs cycle is part of cellular respiration, not photosynthesis.
Correct Answer:
C
— Krebs cycle
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Q. Which part of the chloroplast contains the thylakoid membranes?
A.
Stroma
B.
Outer membrane
C.
Inner membrane
D.
Granum
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Solution
The granum is a stack of thylakoids where the light-dependent reactions occur.
Correct Answer:
D
— Granum
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Q. Which process converts light energy into chemical energy in plants?
A.
Respiration
B.
Transpiration
C.
Photosynthesis
D.
Fermentation
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Solution
Photosynthesis converts light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose.
Correct Answer:
C
— Photosynthesis
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Q. Which structure in plant cells contains chlorophyll?
A.
Mitochondria
B.
Chloroplasts
C.
Nucleus
D.
Ribosomes
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Solution
Chloroplasts are the organelles that contain chlorophyll and are the site of photosynthesis.
Correct Answer:
B
— Chloroplasts
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Q. Which type of plant is most efficient at photosynthesis in hot, dry environments?
A.
C3 plants
B.
C4 plants
C.
CAM plants
D.
All of the above
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Solution
CAM plants are adapted to conserve water and are efficient in hot, dry environments.
Correct Answer:
C
— CAM plants
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Q. Which type of plant is most efficient at photosynthesis under low light conditions?
A.
C3 plants
B.
C4 plants
C.
CAM plants
D.
Hydrophytes
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Solution
CAM plants are adapted to photosynthesize efficiently in low light and arid conditions.
Correct Answer:
C
— CAM plants
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