Molecular Basis of Inheritance explains how genetic information is stored, expressed, and transmitted at the molecular level. This category focuses on the structure and function of DNA and RNA , gene expression, and regulation, making it suitable for school students (Classes 11–12) , NEET aspirants , and undergraduate learners .
In this section, you will study:
Structure of DNA and RNA
Genetic material and experimental evidences
DNA replication
Transcription and translation
Genetic code and its properties
Regulation of gene expression
Human Genome Project and DNA fingerprinting
NCERT-based explanations, diagrams, flowcharts, MCQs, and exam-oriented questions
The content is designed to build strong conceptual foundations , improve diagram-based and reasoning-based answers , and help students perform confidently in school examinations, NEET, and undergraduate assessments .
Develop a clear understanding of how genetic information flows from DNA to protein and governs inheritance at the molecular level.
Q. In plants, what is the function of the gene promoter?
A.
To code for proteins
B.
To initiate transcription
C.
To replicate DNA
D.
To repair DNA
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Solution
The gene promoter is a region of DNA that initiates transcription of a particular gene.
Correct Answer:
B
— To initiate transcription
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Q. What is the primary function of DNA in plant cells?
A.
Energy production
B.
Protein synthesis
C.
Genetic information storage
D.
Photosynthesis
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Solution
DNA stores genetic information that is essential for the growth, development, and reproduction of plants.
Correct Answer:
C
— Genetic information storage
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Q. What is the role of histones in plant cells?
A.
Energy production
B.
DNA packaging
C.
Photosynthesis
D.
Cell division
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Solution
Histones are proteins that help package DNA into a compact, organized structure called chromatin.
Correct Answer:
B
— DNA packaging
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Q. What is the role of RNA in protein synthesis in plants?
A.
Energy carrier
B.
Genetic material
C.
Messenger and translator
D.
Structural component
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Solution
RNA acts as a messenger (mRNA) and translator (tRNA) in the process of protein synthesis.
Correct Answer:
C
— Messenger and translator
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Q. What is the significance of crossing over during meiosis in plants?
A.
It increases genetic diversity
B.
It ensures identical offspring
C.
It repairs DNA
D.
It produces energy
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Solution
Crossing over during meiosis increases genetic diversity by exchanging genetic material between homologous chromosomes.
Correct Answer:
A
— It increases genetic diversity
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Q. What is the significance of genetic recombination in plants?
A.
It increases genetic diversity
B.
It decreases mutation rates
C.
It stabilizes the genome
D.
It enhances photosynthesis
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Solution
Genetic recombination increases genetic diversity, which is important for adaptation and evolution in plants.
Correct Answer:
A
— It increases genetic diversity
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Q. What is the significance of the Hardy-Weinberg principle in plant genetics?
A.
It predicts allele frequencies in a population
B.
It describes protein synthesis
C.
It explains photosynthesis
D.
It outlines plant taxonomy
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Solution
The Hardy-Weinberg principle predicts allele frequencies in a population under ideal conditions, helping to understand genetic variation.
Correct Answer:
A
— It predicts allele frequencies in a population
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Q. What is the term for the observable characteristics of a plant that are influenced by its genetic makeup?
A.
Genotype
B.
Phenotype
C.
Allele
D.
Chromosome
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Solution
Phenotype refers to the observable characteristics of an organism, which are influenced by its genotype and environment.
Correct Answer:
B
— Phenotype
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Q. What is the term for the observable characteristics of a plant that result from the interaction of its genotype with the environment?
A.
Phenotype
B.
Genotype
C.
Allele
D.
Chromosome
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Solution
Phenotype refers to the observable traits of an organism, influenced by both genetics and environmental factors.
Correct Answer:
A
— Phenotype
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Q. What is the term for the observable characteristics of a plant that result from the interaction of its genotype and environment?
A.
Phenotype
B.
Genotype
C.
Allele
D.
Chromosome
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Solution
Phenotype refers to the observable traits of an organism, influenced by both genetic and environmental factors.
Correct Answer:
A
— Phenotype
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Q. Which of the following is a type of genetic variation that can occur in plants?
A.
Mutation
B.
Transcription
C.
Translation
D.
Replication
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Solution
Mutation is a change in the DNA sequence that can lead to genetic variation in plants.
Correct Answer:
A
— Mutation
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Q. Which process describes the copying of DNA to produce two identical DNA molecules?
A.
Transcription
B.
Translation
C.
Replication
D.
Recombination
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Solution
Replication is the process by which DNA is copied to produce two identical DNA molecules.
Correct Answer:
C
— Replication
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Q. Which process describes the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis?
A.
Transcription
B.
Crossing over
C.
Replication
D.
Translation
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Solution
Crossing over is the process where homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material, increasing genetic diversity.
Correct Answer:
B
— Crossing over
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Q. Which process involves the transfer of genetic material from one generation of plants to the next?
A.
Transcription
B.
Translation
C.
Replication
D.
Inheritance
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Solution
Inheritance is the process by which genetic material is passed from parents to offspring.
Correct Answer:
D
— Inheritance
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Q. Which type of RNA carries amino acids to the ribosome during translation?
A.
mRNA
B.
tRNA
C.
rRNA
D.
snRNA
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Solution
tRNA (transfer RNA) carries amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis.
Correct Answer:
B
— tRNA
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Q. Which type of RNA is responsible for bringing amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis?
A.
mRNA
B.
tRNA
C.
rRNA
D.
snRNA
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Solution
Transfer RNA (tRNA) is responsible for bringing the appropriate amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis.
Correct Answer:
B
— tRNA
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