Biotechnology Applications explores how biological principles and techniques are used to solve real-world problems in medicine, agriculture, industry, and environmental science . This category is designed for Class 12 students , NEET aspirants , and undergraduate learners to understand both concepts and applications with exam relevance.
In this section, you’ll learn about:
Medical biotechnology – production of insulin, vaccines, hormones, and gene therapy
Agricultural biotechnology – genetically modified (GM) crops, pest resistance, and improved yield
Industrial biotechnology – enzymes, antibiotics, and bioproducts
Transgenic organisms and biosafety concepts
NCERT-based explanations, important questions, MCQs, and case studies
All topics are explained in simple, structured language with a strong focus on NCERT terminology , making this section highly useful for board exams, NEET preparation, and UG assessments .
Understand how biotechnology transforms science into solutions — from the lab to real life.
Q. What is a common application of CRISPR technology in plants?
A.
Creating clones of plants
B.
Editing specific genes for desired traits
C.
Increasing photosynthesis efficiency
D.
Enhancing seed germination
Show solution
Solution
CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of specific genes to enhance traits such as disease resistance.
Correct Answer:
B
— Editing specific genes for desired traits
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Q. What is a common application of plant tissue culture in biotechnology?
A.
Pest control
B.
Plant breeding
C.
Propagation of disease-free plants
D.
Soil improvement
Show solution
Solution
Plant tissue culture is widely used to propagate disease-free plants, ensuring healthy stock for agriculture.
Correct Answer:
C
— Propagation of disease-free plants
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Q. What is a major benefit of using genetically modified crops?
A.
Increased nutritional value
B.
Higher yield and pest resistance
C.
Reduced need for pesticides
D.
All of the above
Show solution
Solution
Genetically modified crops can provide increased nutritional value, higher yield, pest resistance, and reduced pesticide use.
Correct Answer:
D
— All of the above
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Q. What is the main advantage of using marker-assisted selection in plant breeding?
A.
It reduces the need for fertilizers
B.
It speeds up the breeding process
C.
It eliminates the need for irrigation
D.
It increases the size of fruits
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Solution
Marker-assisted selection speeds up the breeding process by allowing breeders to select plants with desirable traits more efficiently.
Correct Answer:
B
— It speeds up the breeding process
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Q. What is the main advantage of using transgenic plants in agriculture?
A.
Higher market prices
B.
Increased crop yield
C.
More labor-intensive farming
D.
Reduced biodiversity
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Solution
Transgenic plants are engineered to have traits that can lead to increased crop yield, making them advantageous in agriculture.
Correct Answer:
B
— Increased crop yield
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Q. What is the main goal of phytoremediation?
A.
To enhance plant growth
B.
To clean up contaminated environments
C.
To increase crop yield
D.
To improve soil fertility
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Solution
Phytoremediation uses plants to clean up contaminated environments by absorbing or degrading pollutants.
Correct Answer:
B
— To clean up contaminated environments
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Q. What is the main goal of synthetic biology?
A.
To understand natural biological systems
B.
To create new biological parts and systems
C.
To clone animals
D.
To sequence genomes
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Solution
Synthetic biology aims to design and construct new biological parts and systems for various applications.
Correct Answer:
B
— To create new biological parts and systems
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Q. What is the primary goal of developing biofortified crops?
A.
To improve taste
B.
To enhance resistance to pests
C.
To increase nutritional value
D.
To reduce water requirements
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Solution
The primary goal of developing biofortified crops is to enhance their nutritional value, addressing deficiencies in diets.
Correct Answer:
C
— To increase nutritional value
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Q. What is the primary goal of phytoremediation?
A.
To enhance plant growth
B.
To clean up contaminated environments
C.
To increase crop yield
D.
To improve soil fertility
Show solution
Solution
Phytoremediation aims to clean up contaminated environments using plants that can absorb or degrade pollutants.
Correct Answer:
B
— To clean up contaminated environments
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Q. What is the primary purpose of CRISPR technology in biotechnology?
A.
To clone organisms
B.
To edit genes
C.
To produce vaccines
D.
To sequence DNA
Show solution
Solution
CRISPR technology is primarily used for gene editing, allowing precise modifications to DNA.
Correct Answer:
B
— To edit genes
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Q. What is the primary purpose of genetic engineering in plants?
A.
To increase aesthetic value
B.
To enhance nutritional content
C.
To improve growth rate
D.
To reduce water usage
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Solution
Genetic engineering is often used to enhance the nutritional content of crops, making them more beneficial for human consumption.
Correct Answer:
B
— To enhance nutritional content
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Q. What is the purpose of bioremediation?
A.
To produce biofuels
B.
To clean up environmental contaminants
C.
To enhance soil fertility
D.
To create new pharmaceuticals
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Solution
Bioremediation is the use of microorganisms to clean up contaminated environments, such as oil spills.
Correct Answer:
B
— To clean up environmental contaminants
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Q. What is the purpose of marker-assisted selection in plant breeding?
A.
To identify plants with desirable traits
B.
To increase genetic diversity
C.
To enhance photosynthetic efficiency
D.
To reduce water requirements
Show solution
Solution
Marker-assisted selection helps breeders identify plants that carry desirable traits based on genetic markers.
Correct Answer:
A
— To identify plants with desirable traits
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Q. What is the purpose of using biopesticides in plant biotechnology?
A.
To enhance plant growth
B.
To control pest populations
C.
To improve seed germination
D.
To increase photosynthetic efficiency
Show solution
Solution
Biopesticides are used to control pest populations in an environmentally friendly manner, reducing reliance on chemical pesticides.
Correct Answer:
B
— To control pest populations
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Q. What is the purpose of using marker-assisted selection in plant breeding?
A.
To identify and select plants with desirable traits
B.
To enhance photosynthetic efficiency
C.
To increase seed size
D.
To improve soil fertility
Show solution
Solution
Marker-assisted selection is used to identify and select plants with desirable traits more efficiently in breeding programs.
Correct Answer:
A
— To identify and select plants with desirable traits
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Q. What is the role of Agrobacterium tumefaciens in plant biotechnology?
A.
It enhances photosynthesis
B.
It acts as a vector for gene transfer
C.
It improves root growth
D.
It increases resistance to pests
Show solution
Solution
Agrobacterium tumefaciens is used as a vector for gene transfer in plant biotechnology, facilitating the introduction of new genes into plant cells.
Correct Answer:
B
— It acts as a vector for gene transfer
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Q. What is the role of monoclonal antibodies in biotechnology?
A.
To enhance photosynthesis
B.
To target specific cells in therapy
C.
To produce insulin
D.
To modify genetic sequences
Show solution
Solution
Monoclonal antibodies are designed to target specific cells, making them useful in therapies and diagnostics.
Correct Answer:
B
— To target specific cells in therapy
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Q. What is the role of tissue culture in plant biotechnology?
A.
To study plant genetics
B.
To propagate plants under sterile conditions
C.
To analyze soil health
D.
To enhance photosynthesis
Show solution
Solution
Tissue culture is used to propagate plants in a controlled, sterile environment, allowing for mass production.
Correct Answer:
B
— To propagate plants under sterile conditions
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Q. What is the significance of the 'Golden Rice' project?
A.
It is a new variety of ornamental rice
B.
It aims to combat vitamin A deficiency
C.
It increases rice yield significantly
D.
It is resistant to all pests
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Solution
'Golden Rice' is genetically engineered to produce beta-carotene, addressing vitamin A deficiency in populations that rely on rice as a staple food.
Correct Answer:
B
— It aims to combat vitamin A deficiency
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Q. What role do biopesticides play in sustainable agriculture?
A.
They increase chemical pesticide use
B.
They promote soil erosion
C.
They reduce reliance on synthetic chemicals
D.
They decrease crop diversity
Show solution
Solution
Biopesticides are derived from natural materials and help reduce reliance on synthetic chemicals, promoting sustainable agricultural practices.
Correct Answer:
C
— They reduce reliance on synthetic chemicals
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Q. Which biotechnology application can help in developing drought-resistant crops?
A.
Gene silencing
B.
Plant hybridization
C.
Tissue culture
D.
Photosynthetic enhancement
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Solution
Gene silencing can be used to develop drought-resistant crops by targeting specific genes that affect water retention and stress response.
Correct Answer:
A
— Gene silencing
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Q. Which biotechnology application is used in forensic science?
A.
Gene therapy
B.
DNA fingerprinting
C.
Monoclonal antibodies
D.
Bioremediation
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Solution
DNA fingerprinting is a technique used in forensic science to identify individuals based on their unique DNA profiles.
Correct Answer:
B
— DNA fingerprinting
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Q. Which biotechnology application is used to produce insulin?
A.
Gene cloning
B.
Fermentation
C.
Cell culture
D.
Transgenic organisms
Show solution
Solution
Gene cloning is used to produce insulin by inserting the insulin gene into bacteria, which then produce the hormone.
Correct Answer:
A
— Gene cloning
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Q. Which biotechnology method is used to produce plants that can tolerate herbicides?
A.
Gene cloning
B.
Somatic hybridization
C.
Transgenic technology
D.
Micropropagation
Show solution
Solution
Transgenic technology is used to produce plants that can tolerate herbicides by introducing specific genes that confer this trait.
Correct Answer:
C
— Transgenic technology
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Q. Which biotechnology technique is commonly used to create genetically modified organisms (GMOs)?
A.
Cloning
B.
CRISPR-Cas9
C.
Hybridization
D.
Tissue culture
Show solution
Solution
CRISPR-Cas9 is a precise gene-editing technology that allows for targeted modifications in the DNA of organisms, including plants.
Correct Answer:
B
— CRISPR-Cas9
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Q. Which biotechnology technique is commonly used to produce transgenic plants?
A.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
B.
Agrobacterium-mediated transformation
C.
Gel electrophoresis
D.
Micropropagation
Show solution
Solution
Agrobacterium-mediated transformation is a widely used method for introducing foreign genes into plant cells.
Correct Answer:
B
— Agrobacterium-mediated transformation
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Q. Which of the following is a benefit of using genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in agriculture?
A.
Increased pesticide use
B.
Higher crop yields
C.
Reduced biodiversity
D.
Longer growing seasons
Show solution
Solution
GMOs can lead to higher crop yields by enhancing resistance to pests and diseases.
Correct Answer:
B
— Higher crop yields
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Q. Which of the following is a benefit of using tissue culture in plant propagation?
A.
Increased genetic diversity
B.
Faster growth rates
C.
Production of disease-free plants
D.
Lower production costs
Show solution
Solution
Tissue culture allows for the production of disease-free plants, which is a significant benefit in plant propagation.
Correct Answer:
C
— Production of disease-free plants
Learn More →
Q. Which of the following is a benefit of using transgenic plants?
A.
Increased susceptibility to pests
B.
Higher yield under stress conditions
C.
Reduced photosynthesis
D.
Lower resistance to diseases
Show solution
Solution
Transgenic plants can be engineered to have higher yields, especially under stress conditions such as drought or salinity.
Correct Answer:
B
— Higher yield under stress conditions
Learn More →
Q. Which of the following is a common application of biotechnology in agriculture?
A.
Creating ornamental plants
B.
Developing drought-resistant crops
C.
Enhancing soil fertility
D.
Increasing plant height
Show solution
Solution
Developing drought-resistant crops is a significant application of biotechnology in agriculture, helping to ensure food security in arid regions.
Correct Answer:
B
— Developing drought-resistant crops
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