This section explores the advanced molecular and regulatory aspects of transcription and translation that govern gene expression. It is designed for advanced Class 11–12 students, NEET aspirants aiming for high scores, and undergraduate learners who want deeper conceptual clarity beyond basic mechanisms.
In this section, you will study:
Detailed structure and function of RNA polymerases
Initiation, elongation, and termination of transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
RNA processing including capping, polyadenylation, and splicing
Genetic code degeneracy and wobble hypothesis
Regulation of translation and role of initiation factors
Post-translational modifications and protein targeting
Coupling of transcription and translation in prokaryotes
NCERT-based advanced interpretations and exam-oriented questions
The content is structured to strengthen conceptual depth, enhance analytical thinking, and prepare students to handle higher-difficulty and reasoning-based questions in NEET and undergraduate-level assessments.
Develop a deeper understanding of transcription and translation by connecting molecular mechanisms with regulation and functional outcomes.
Q. In eukaryotic cells, what modification occurs to pre-mRNA before it becomes mature mRNA?
A.
Addition of a poly-A tail and 5' cap
B.
Splicing out of exons
C.
Replication of DNA
D.
Translation into protein
Solution
Pre-mRNA undergoes capping at the 5' end and polyadenylation at the 3' end, along with splicing to remove introns, to become mature mRNA.
Correct Answer:
A
— Addition of a poly-A tail and 5' cap
