The efficiency of a Carnot cycle is given by the formula: efficiency = 1 - (T_c / T_h), where T_c is the absolute temperature of the cold reservoir and T_h is the absolute temperature of the hot reservoir.

According to the first law of thermodynamics, the change in internal energy (ΔU) is given by ΔU = Q - W. Here, Q = 100 J and W = 40 J, so ΔU = 100 J - 40 J = 60 J.

According to Boyle's Law, if the volume of an ideal gas is halved while keeping the temperature constant, the pressure will double.

The first law of thermodynamics is a statement of the conservation of energy, which states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.

Entropy is defined as a measure of disorder or randomness in a system, reflecting the number of microscopic configurations that correspond to a thermodynamic system's macroscopic state.

Radiation is the heat transfer method that occurs without the movement of matter, as it involves the transfer of energy through electromagnetic waves.

The main function of a heat exchanger is to transfer heat between two or more fluids without mixing them.

The primary purpose of the Rankine cycle is to convert thermal energy into mechanical work, typically used in power generation.

The second law of thermodynamics introduces the concept of entropy and states that the total entropy of an isolated system can never decrease over time.

Pure substances have a constant composition, can exist in multiple phases at the same temperature and pressure, and their properties change with temperature.